E+Temporal+Cortex

The **temporal lobe** is a region of the [|cerebral cortex] that is located beneath the [|Sylvian fissure] on both [|cerebral hemispheres] of the [|mammalian] [|brain].[|[1]] The temporal lobe is involved in [|auditory] [|perception] and is home to the [|primary auditory cortex]. It is also important for the processing of [|semantics] in both speech and [|vision]. The temporal lobe contains the [|hippocampus] and plays a key role in the formation of [|long-term memory].

The [|superior temporal gyrus] includes an area (within the Sylvian fissure) where auditory signals from the [|cochlea] (relayed via several subcortical nuclei) first reach the [|cerebral cortex]. This part of the cortex ([|primary auditory cortex]) is involved in hearing. Adjacent areas in the superior, posterior and lateral parts of the temporal lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. In humans this includes speech, for which the left temporal lobe in particular seems to be specialized. [|Wernicke's area], which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes, plays a key role (in tandem with [|Broca's area], which is in the [|frontal lobe]). The functions of the left temporal lobe are not limited to low-level perception but extend to comprehension, naming, [|verbal memory] and other language functions. The underside (ventral) part of the temporal cortices appear to be involved in high-level visual processing of complex stimuli such as [|faces] ([|fusiform gyrus]) and scenes ([|parahippocampal gyrus]). Anterior parts of this [|ventral stream] for [|visual processing] are involved in object perception and recognition. The medial temporal lobes (near the Sagittal plane that divides left and right [|cerebral hemispheres]) are thought to be involved in [|episodic]/[|declarative memory]. Deep inside the medial temporal lobes lie the [|hippocampi], which are essential for memory function - particularly the transference from short to long term memory and control of spatial memory and behavior. Damage to this area typically results in [|anterograde amnesia].

=Subiculum= The **subiculum** ([|Latin] for "support") is the most inferior component of the [|hippocampal formation]. It lies between the [|entorhinal cortex] and the [|CA1] subfield of the [|hippocampus proper].

Paths
It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III [|pyramidal neurons] and is the main output of the hippocampus. The pyramidal neurons send projections to the [|nucleus accumbens], [|septal nuclei], [|prefrontal cortex], [|lateral hypothalamus], [|nucleus reuniens], [|mammillary nuclei], [|entorhinal cortex] and [|amygdala]. The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of [|action potential] output: [|bursting] and single spiking.[|[][|1][|]] The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus.

[[|edit]] Function
It is believed to play a role in some cases of human [|epilepsy].[|[][|2][|]][|[][|3][|]] It has also been implicated in [|working memory][|[][|4][|]] and drug [|addiction] .[|[][|5][|]] It has been suggested that the dorsal subiculum is involved in spatial relations, and the ventral subiculum regulates the [|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis] .[|[][|6][|]]